human Y-chromosome or simply yDNA
This is a partial screen scrape from Wikipedia that will give you good information if you are just getting started with Genetic Genealogy focused on human genetics of the male line or simply understood as the human Y-chromosome. A yDNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome which I say yDNA versus Y-DNA to be consistent in common nomenclature. Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and other types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which one must examine if they truly desire "to know for certain" of which line they descend in fact, not in mystery or even a rouse.
The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. yDNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup.
The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living humans are descended patrilineally. Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived roughly 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men (men from populations outside of Africa) are descended from a man who lived in Africa 69,000 years ago (Haplogroup_CT). Other major bottlenecks occurred about 50,000 and 5,000 years ago and subsequently the ancestry of most Eurasian men can be traced back to four ancestors who lived 50,000 years ago, who were descendants of the first two of our kind in the center of Africa. Like it or not, say what you want. Finally the genetic material tells us the truth we can never get from others in a non-distilled version that is much alive in me as I am in it with E-M168 the presently known representation of our appearance, as such on this planet comprised of dust and dirt and then the rib of that creation by the Devine being that created us from what was already present, hence the remarkably similar genetic composition with all manner of species of were created before us.
MY two cents worth.
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